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BRAVEHORSE WARRIOR Isapomuxika
Blackfoot Warrior
Chief Isapomuxika
Warrior Citation
ISAPO-MUXIKA (Crowfoot, occasionally known in French as Pied de Corbeau), Blackfoot chief; b. c. 1830 near the Belly River
in what is now southern Alberta, son of Blood Indians Istowun-eh’pata (Packs a Knife) and Axkyahp-say-pi (Attacked Toward
Home); d. 25 April 1890, near Blackfoot Crossing (Alta).Crowfoot was born into the Blood tribe of the Blackfoot Confederacy,
which at the time also included the Blackfoot and Piegan tribes. As an infant he was given the name Astohkomi (Shot Close).
When he was five his father was killed by Crows and within a year Crowfoot’s mother married Akay-nehka-simi (Many Names),
a member of the Blackfoot tribe. Taken to the Blackfoot tribe the boy was given the name of Kyi-i-staah (Bear Ghost), and
later received his father’s name of Istowun-eh’pata. As was customary, Crowfoot began when in his teens to accompany
older warriors on raids against enemy tribes. During a raid for horses on a Crow camp, he performed bravely and was wounded,
for which he was given his adult name Isapo-muxika, a name that had been owned by a relative killed several years earlier.
Properly, the name Isapo-muxika translates as “Crow Tribe member’s big foot,” but it was shortened to Crowfoot
by interpreters. Although Crowfoot was not from a family of chiefs and was from another tribe, he soon demonstrated his leadership
abilities among the Blackfoot Tribe. Perhaps more important, he continued to establish himself as a formidable and respected
warrior. Before he was 20 years old he had been in 19 battles and had been wounded six times. His most serious wound occurred
during a winter raid upon the Shoshoni Tribe; he was shot in the back and the lead ball was never removed. In later years
this wound made it difficult for him to ride horses or to travel long distances. Crowfoot seldom went to war after he reached
manhood. Instead, he became involved with raising horses, which made him wealthy, and in the affairs of the tribe. In 1865,
with the death of the chief of his band, No-okskatos (Three Suns), Crowfoot became a minor chief of the Blackfoot tribe, leading
a band of about 21 lodges. At first his followers were known as the Big Pipes band but later were renamed the Moccasin band.
It was in 1865 also that Crowfoot first came to the attention of the local white population after his dramatic role in a battle
at Three Ponds, which occurred just east of the present village of Hobbema, Alta. Father Albert Lacombe, an Oblate missionary,
was visiting a Blackfoot camp there when it was attacked by Crees. Although greatly outnumbered and despite casualties, the
Blackfeet held off the raiders for several hours during the night. Just before dawn Father Lacombe tried to get between the
lines to call a truce, but he was not recognized by the Crees and was wounded by a ricocheting bullet. When the battle seemed
lost, Crowfoot arrived with a large number of warriors and the enemy was soon routed. Crowfoot, as a minor chief, tried to
establish friendly relations with white fur-traders and missionaries. Late in 1866 he prevented a number of Blackfoot warriors
from looting a train of Hudson’s Bay Company carts and killing its Métis drivers. Then, defying a number of warrior
chiefs, he provided a safe escort for the Métis back to Fort Edmonton. He also became a good friend of HBC trader Richard
Charles Hardisty who was in charge of Rocky Mountain House. In the smallpox epidemic of 1869–70 several Blackfoot leaders
died and Crowfoot emerged as one of the three head chiefs of the tribe. In 1872, with the death of Akamih-kayi (Big Swan),
the leadership was reduced to Crowfoot and Natosapi (Old Sun), an elderly warrior chief. In 1873 Crowfoot’s eldest son
was killed in a raid on a Cree camp, and the chief led a large revenge party which succeeded in killing an enemy warrior.
This was Crowfoot’s last warlike deed. Some months later during a temporary peace treaty between the Blackfeet and Crees,
Crowfoot met a Cree who bore a startling resemblance to his dead son. He adopted the man, who was known to the Crees as Poundmaker
[Pðtikwahanapiwðyin], and gave him his dead son’s name, Makoyi-koh-kin (Wolf Thin Legs). Poundmaker returned to the
Crees where he became a chief, but he remained close friends with Crowfoot for the rest of his life. During the 1870s American
traders were invading the Canadian west selling whisky and repeating rifles to the Indians. As a result, hundreds of Native
Americans were dying from the liquor and the intertribal warfare it precipitated. When Crowfoot was informed in 1874 that
the North-West Mounted Police were being organized and were coming to his hunting grounds he welcomed the police as a needed
solution to a serious problem. He told the Reverend John Chantler McDougall: “If left to ourselves we are gone. The
whiskey brought among us by the Traders is fast killing us off and we are powerless before the evil. . . . Our horses, Buffalo
robes and other articles of trade go for whiskey, a large number of our people have killed one another and perished in various
ways under the influence, and now that we hear of our Great Mother sending her soldiers into our country for our good we are
glad.” In December 1874 Crowfoot first met James Farquharson Macleod, assistant commissioner of the NWMP, and the two
became friends. It was largely through their influence that white settlement in Blackfoot territory occurred without violence.
Macleod insisted that Blackfoot rights be respected, while Crowfoot encouraged his people to maintain friendly relations with
the police. Although he was actually one of two head chiefs of the Blackfoot tribe, the police considered him to be the leader
of the entire Blackfoot nation. In fact, the Bloods were a larger tribe than the Blackfeet and all three tribes in the confederacy
had independent leadership, but the confusion between “Blackfoot tribe” and “Blackfoot nation” –
which included the Blood, Piegan, and Blackfoot tribes and their allies the Sarcees and the Gros Ventres – as well as
Crowfoot’s impressive role as diplomat and politician, often caused whites to place him in a position that he did not
in fact occupy. Crowfoot, for his part, was careful to consult his fellow chiefs in such situations. In 1876, when the wars
were raging in the United States between the Plains Tribes and the US Cavalry, a Sioux messenger came to Crowfoot’s
camp asking the Blackfeet to join the fight. After the Sioux had defeated the Americans, the messenger said, they would help
the Blackfeet exterminate the NWMP. Crowfoot not only rejected the offer but said he would join the police to fight the Sioux
if they ever came north. (News of Crowfoot’s stand was forwarded to Ottawa and eventually to England where Queen Victoria
praised the chief for his loyalty.) A short time later, when the Sioux fled to Canada after the battle at Little Bighorn River
(MT), Crowfoot realized they came as refugees. He met Sitting Bull [Ta-tanka I-yotank] during the chief’s exile in Canada,
and when he learned that Sitting Bull’s tribe sought peace with the Blackfeet he was pleased to accept the chief’s
offer of tobacco. The great Sioux leader was so impressed that he named his own son Crowfoot. In 1877 David Laird, the new
lieutenant governor of the North-West Territories, invited the Blackfoot, Blood, Piegan, Sarcee, and Stony tribes to negotiate
Treaty no.7 with the Canadian government. These tribes included those living in what is now southern Alberta south of the
Red Deer River, and no. 7 was the last of the treaties to be negotiated by the Canadian authorities in the 1870s in a program
to obtain the surrender of all Native American claims to the western Canadian prairies. At the outset an argument arose as
to a meeting-place for the negotiations, the Bloods and Piegans preferring Fort Macleod and Crowfoot insisting on Blackfoot
Crossing in the centre of his own domain away from any of the white man’s forts. The government acceded to Crowfoot’s
demands, but the leading chiefs of the Blood and Piegan tribes threatened not to attend. Negotiations began on 16 September
with Crowfoot as the principal chief in attendance, and for the next four days he led the discussions. When the Bloods and
Piegans finally arrived they joined Crowfoot in an all-night session to receive his account of the treaty and his recommendations.
By dawn, all the leading chiefs had agreed to the terms of the treaty and, because of Crowfoot’s role during the negotiations
and his favourable attitude towards the pact, he was asked to respond for the entire Blackfoot nation: “While I speak,
be kind and patient. I have to speak for my people, who are numerous, and who rely upon me to follow that course which in
the future will tend to their good. The plains are large and wide. We are the children of the plains, it is our home, and
the buffalo has been our food always. I hope you look upon the Blackfeet, Bloods and Sarcees as your children now, and that
you will be indulgent and charitable to them. . . . The advice given me and my people has proved to be very good. If the Police
had not come to the country, where would we be all now? Bad men and whiskey were killing us so fast that very few, indeed,
of us would have been left to-day. The Police have protected us as the feathers of the bird protect it from the frosts of
winter. I wish them all good, and trust that all our hearts will increase in goodness from this time forward. I am satisfied.
I will sign the treaty.” Shortly after taking treaty, many Native Americans began to doubt the wisdom of their actions.
The deaths of three prominent chiefs, the destruction of extensive grazing lands by prairie fires, and the disappearance of
the buffalo were considered to be ill omens. By summer 1879 hunting was so poor that many Blackfeet were starving and were
forced to follow the last buffalo herds into the United States. Crowfoot took his tribe into Montana where, without the presence
of the NWMP, they were again subjected to the problems of whisky pedlars, horse thieves, and intertribal warfare. During this
time the Blackfoot treaty with the Sioux ended – with a horse raid on Crowfoot’s camp. To add to the unsettled
conditions, Louis Riel and his followers spent a winter camped by the Blackfeet, attempting to spread discontent. As the buffalo
herd was destroyed, the Blackfeet faced starvation, and in 1881 hunger forced the tribe to return to Canada. Upon his return
Crowfoot learned that the government agency responsible for his people had changed from the NWMP to the newly established
Department of Native American Affairs. Over the next months he found the new administrators to be callous in their treatment
of the Native Americans. Angry and disillusioned, he openly defied the police for the first time early in 1882 when they tried
to arrest a minor chief of the Blackfoot tribe. Crowfoot was becoming distrustful of the government and the NWMP, and when
Cree and Métis agitators began to visit his camp, he learned that his problems were shared throughout the west. In 1884, after
one of Riel’s followers had been arrested in the Blackfoot camp, the Indian commissioner, Edgar Dewdney, invited Crowfoot
and other Blackfoot chiefs to visit Regina and Winnipeg. As the commissioner had hoped, the visit to the large white settlements
shattered the Native Americans’ belief that they were more numerous than the whites. This knowledge had a great impact
upon Crowfoot’s behaviour during the North-West Rebellion of 1885. Undoubtedly his sympathies were with the Crees, led
by Big Bear [Mistahimaskwa] and Crowfoot’s own adopted son, Poundmaker, but he believed they could not win. In addition,
neither the Piegans nor the Bloods would support their hereditary enemy, the Crees, and the Blood tribe even offered to send
warriors to fight for the government. Actually, for the first several days of the rebellion, Crowfoot was non-committal, both
to rebel runners who visited his camp and to government officials. Only after he had ascertained the continued hostility of
the Bloods and Piegans, as well as hearing promises of the government, did he finally pledge his loyalty to the crown. Nevertheless,
considerable alarm was expressed during the rebellion regarding the loyalty of the Blackfoot nation. At one point, Calgary
inhabitants feared they would be attacked, and Father Lacombe was sent to Crowfoot’s camp to investigate. He was told
by Crowfoot that in spite of frequent messages from the Crees and the fact that Poundmaker was in the centre of the conflict,
the Blackfeet did not intend to rise. When this news was transmitted to Ottawa, the governor general, Lord Lansdowne [Petty-Fitzmaurice],
expressed his thanks to Crowfoot on behalf of the queen, and the cabinet of Sir John A. Macdonald gave the Blackfoot chief
a round of applause. In the following year Crowfoot and his foster brother No-okska-stumik (Three Bulls) were taken on a tour
of Montreal and Quebec by Father Lacombe in recognition of their loyalty. Crowfoot was lionized by the press and public, his
tall stately appearance and classic Native American features fulfilling everyone’s romantic image of “the noble
Native American.” On his return from Quebec, Crowfoot stopped in Ottawa where he met Macdonald and gave him the Native
American name for “Brother-in-Law.”
Although Crowfoot had become a notable Canadian figure, he was an unhappy man during the last decade of his life. He
was increasingly disillusioned about the treatment of his people by government employees and officials, his own health was
deteriorating, and his personal life was struck by a series of tragedies. Crowfoot had a total of ten wives during his lifetime
– usually three or four at one time – his favourite wife being Sisoyaki (Cutting Woman). She accompanied him on
trips to other reserves and occupied the honoured place beside him in his teepee. But in spite of the large number of wives,
only four of Crowfoot’s children ever reached maturity. In a tribe where boys were highly favoured, Crowfoot had only
one blind son, Kyi-i-staah (Bear Ghost), and three daughters who survived their childhood years. Many of the others died of
tuberculosis. To add to his grief, his adopted son Poundmaker was sent to prison for his part in the rebellion; released in
1886 as a favour to Crowfoot, he died suddenly in Crowfoot’s camp only four moths later. The last three years of Crowfoot’s
life were spent quietly, visiting old friends on neighbouring reserves. In 1887 he assisted Red Crow [Mekaisto], head chief
of the Bloods, in preventing his warriors from raiding the Gros Ventre Tribe, and in the following year he travelled to Montana
where he tried unsuccessfully to arrange a peace treaty with the Assiniboins. Ill and with failing eyesight, Crowfoot remained
on his reserve during the winter of 1889–90, and died during the spring. His chieftainship was assumed by his foster
brother, Three Bulls, but neither he nor succeeding chiefs achieved the prestige or greatness of Crowfoot. From: historical
accounts & records
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